Dietary nucleotide‐rich yeast supplementation improves growth,innate immunity and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide (NT)‐rich yeast supplementation on growth, innate immunity and intestinal morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 g/kg of NT‐rich yeast, respectively. A total of 480 shrimp with an average initial body weight of 1.86 ± 0.02 g were randomly allocated into four groups, with four replicates per group and 30 shrimp each replicate. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast had significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the control diet, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplemental diet. However, there was no significant difference in survival among all treatments. The crude protein of whole shrimp in the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group was higher than that in the control group. Total protein, triglyceride concentrations, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were significantly influenced by the dietary NT‐rich yeast supplementation. The activities of serum phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) of shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast were higher than those in shrimp fed the other diets. Relative expressions of alp and lzm significantly upregulated in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group compared to the control group. The intestinal fold height and fold width in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group were significantly higher than those fed the control diet; and the highest microvillus height occurred in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast diet. In summary, dietary 30–50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplementation promotes growth performance, enhances innate immunity and improves intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

生物絮团养殖模式下益生菌添加对异育银鲫生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响

前期研究表明,生物絮团技术(biofloc technology,BFT)适于异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖。为进一步优化BFT养殖模式,本研究设置3个实验组:BFT模式下EM菌添加组(BB组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)添加组(BI组)和BFT对照组(B组),以均体重(1.60±0.50)g的异育银鲫为研究对象,探讨BFT模式下外源添加益生菌对养殖动物生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)益生菌添加组异育银鲫增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),BB和BI组的增重率分别提高了216.70%和184.04%,特定生长率分别提高了141.18%和125.49%,BB和BI组间差异不显著(P0.05);(2)益生菌添加组(BB组和BI组)的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶)活性均显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05)。益生菌添加组间,BB组淀粉酶活性显著高于BI组(P0.05),脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦高于BI组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)益生菌添加组肠道肌层厚度和黏膜下层厚度显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05),BB组异育银鲫肠道黏膜皱襞高度和皱襞间质宽度与BI和对照组相比,均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,BFT养殖模式下外源添加益生菌可以更好地促进异育银鲫生长。     

酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道形态的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及肠道形态的影响。酵母水解物添加量分别为0%、1%、3%和5%,配制4种等氮等脂(42.5%粗蛋白和8.5%粗脂肪)的实验饲料。选取初始体重为(1.86±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果表明饲料中添加5%酵母水解物组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组(P0.05),而该组饲料系数(FCR)最低(P0.05)。对虾全虾粗蛋白含量随饲料中酵母水解物的增加而呈上升趋势,且5%酵母水解物添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加5%的酵母水解物显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,降低了谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但3%酵母水解物添加组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3%酵母水解物添加组的对虾肠道皱襞高度和皱襞宽度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5%添加组的微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加3%~5%的酵母水解物能有效改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、提高饲料利用率、促进消化吸收以及改善肠道形态学指标。     

饲料中添加壳寡糖和霉菌毒素吸附剂对凡纳滨对虾肠道黏膜形态及菌群结构的影响

实验旨在研究在饲料中分别或联合添加壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)和霉菌毒素吸附剂(mycotoxins adsorbent)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道黏膜形态及菌群结构的影响。在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加250 mg/kg COS、2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂、250 mg COS+2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂(组号为C0、C0.25、M2.5、C0.25+M2.5),制成4组等氮等能饲料,投喂初重(0.23±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾8周。结果显示:COS与霉菌毒素吸附剂联合使用有助于改善肠道形态学指标,C0.25+M2.5组绒毛高显著大于C0、C0.25组(P0.05),绒毛宽显著大于M2.5组(P0.05),肌层厚度显著大于其他各组(P0.05)。高通量测序结果表明各组有效操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTUs)数目无显著性差异(P0.05);C0.25+M2.5组Observed species指数、Shannon指数、PD值显著低于M2.5组(P0.05),但显著高于C0.25组(P0.05),与C0组无显著性差异(P0.05);肠道菌群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),C0.25+M2.5组变形菌门细菌含量最低且厚壁菌门细菌含量最高,各组拟杆菌门细菌均升高,C0组含量最低。在属水平上,弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、Spongiimonas、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)以及Candidatus Bacilloplasma占主要优势,C0.25+M2.5组弧菌属、发光杆菌属细菌含量均有效减少;C0.25+M2.5组发光杆菌属细菌含量最低,假交替单胞菌属细菌含量最高。250 mg/kg COS和2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂联合添加对菌群丰富度无显著影响,但优化了肠道形态学指标及肠道菌群结构,提升了肠道健康,效果优于单一添加组。     

转基因作物对畜禽肠道非预期效应的研究进展

随着基因工程技术的发展,全球转基因作物种植面积持续增加,转基因作物及其加工副产物75%以上用于动物饲料原料,因而,非常有必要开展转基因作物饲用安全性评价研究。肠道是机体最大的免疫器官,肠道健康对动物正常生理功能的维持具有重要作用,转基因作物对肠道的非预期效应研究是转基因作物饲用安全性评价的热点。介绍了转基因作物饲用安全性评价的特殊性与必要性,分析了饲料中转基因成分在体内的潜在消解和转移规律,综述了转基因作物对畜禽肠道形态结构和微生态平衡非预期效应的研究进展,旨在为转基因作物饲用安全性评价体系的建立与完善提供参考。     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

蒙古马肠道细菌总DNA提取方法的比较

本试验采集蒙古马新鲜粪便样品,采用酚－氯仿抽提法和2种细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒法进行样品中细菌基因组DNA的提取。通过DNA浓度和纯度的测定,并将其作为模板扩增细菌16S rDNA V3区特异性片段对提取效果进行比较,从而找出更适合蒙古马粪便中细菌基因组DNA的提取方法。结果显示,3种提取方法得到的基因组DNA均能用于PCR扩增的模板,其中B试剂盒法提取的DNA数量较多,且纯度高,更适合用于提取蒙古马肠道微生物细菌基因组DNA及后续的蒙古马肠道微生物多样性等分子生物学试验。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯(HMBi)对福建黄兔屠宰性能、肠道黏膜形态和肠道酶活的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯(HMBi)对福建黄兔屠宰性能、肠道组织形态和肠道酶活的影响。选取体重相近、健康的断奶福建黄兔100只(公、母各半),随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复5只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.20%、0.40%、0.60% HMBi。预试期10 d,正试期52 d。结果表明,①与对照组相比,Ⅱ组屠体重和屠宰率分别显著和极显著提高(P<0.05;P<0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胴体重显著提高(P<0.05)。②与对照组相比,Ⅱ组十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度极显著提高(P<0.01),Ⅲ组空肠和回肠绒毛高度极显著提高(P<0.01);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度显著或极显著降低(P<0.05;P<0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组回肠隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值显著或极显著提高(P<0.05;P<0.01),Ⅲ组空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值极显著提高(P<0.01)。③与对照组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组淀粉酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,HMBi可提高福建黄兔的屠宰率,改善小肠黏膜形态,增加肠道酶活性;在本试验条件下,福建黄兔日粮中HMBi的适宜添加水平为0.40%。     

同日龄不同体重羔羊十二指肠形态功能的比较研究

为了解小肠消化吸收功能对羔羊生长发育的影响,本试验选择60只相同饲养条件、相同断奶日龄(3月龄断奶)的5月龄健康阿勒泰×特克赛尔杂交F1代羔羊为研究对象,从中选择体重大小具有显著性差异的8只羔羊分为大体重组(HBW组)4只,平均体重(37.20±2.80)kg;小体重组(LBW组)4只,平均体重(28.24±3.75)kg。测定两组羔羊十二指肠绒毛组织形态学指标、消化酶活性及其黏膜中钠依赖性葡萄糖转载蛋白1(SGLT1)和葡萄糖转载蛋白2(GLUT2)表达量的差异。结果显示,HBW组羔羊十二指肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度均显著低于LBW组(P< 0.05),而黏膜厚度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值差异均不显著(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊淀粉酶活性显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.05),麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶、蔗糖酶活性均极显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.01),脂肪酶及蛋白酶活性在两组羔羊间均无显著差异(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊SGLT1表达量显著高于LBW组(P< 0.05),GLUT2表达量极显著高于LBW组(P< 0.01)。综上所述,反刍动物体重增加与十二指肠消化吸收功能密切相关,这些消化酶及葡萄糖运载蛋白的分子生物学上调机制尚需进一步研究。     

微生态制剂对断奶仔兔肠道微生物菌群与肠道形态结构的影响

通过在日粮中添加微生态制剂,每吨饲料添加1kg微生态制剂,以研究该制剂对断奶仔兔肠道微生物菌群及其发育的影响.结果表明:微生态制剂可改善肉兔肠道菌群的生长状态,减少大肠杆菌的数量,提高乳酸菌的数量,维护肠道生物多样性,刺激肠绒毛的发育.说明该制剂可维护断奶仔兔肠道菌群平衡和促进肠道发育.